Sandie Kate Fenton participated in this year's 2023 IASS session, themed ‘Integration of Design and Fabrication’, where she presented her research on the life cycle assessment and design of structures. Her presentation centred on her work involving a machine-learning approach to predict the embodied carbon of lightweight structures.
This symposium emphasises the growing significance of digital technologies in various design and manufacturing domains. It allows attendees to engage in lectures and masterclasses conducted by experts from institutions and companies around the globe.

To manage the spatial and geometrical restrictions for the Fast-Charging Station Leipzig efficiently, the entire process was executed through a closed digital process chain. Our team worked closely with the architects to develop the geometry for the filigree support structure with the help of an evolutionary optimisation algorithm.
Philipp Eisenbach, Klaus Bollinger and Moritz Heimrath from B+G wrote an in-depth article in ‘Stahlbau’ (Ernst & Sohn, Berlin) together with Jon Prengel from raumwerk Gesellschaft für Architektur und Stadtplanung mbH about the project development.

More about Fast-Charging Station Leipzig →

As part of the Revit User Group DACH, we co-authored the Autodesk MEP Coordination Guideline, providing a comprehensive overview and support for designers interested in the topic and deeper insights for field experts. The document represents the holistic view of the coordination process for MEP openings throughout the design phases.
Authors: Tanja Gutena (Architect, gmp architects), Fabian Matschinsky (MEP-Engineer, HL-Technik) and Alexander Hofbeck (B+G)

Over the years, our Design Technology Group has developed various tools, partially released to the public, e.g., on the Autodesk App Store. We started our GitHub organisation to evolve our developments, maintaining and enabling collaboration on our public and private coding projects.
Feel free to follow us, fork our public coding projects or look at what we are up to!

The interactive and performative robotic installation ‘Anthropomorphic Machine’ comprises pneumatic rubber ‘muscles’, steel tendons, a deformable tensegrity skeletal structure, a circulatory system of compressed air, and a vision and computational system, allowing it to sense and react in the presence of humans.
The machine is linked to multiple cameras, which allows it to respond to the person’s movements by moving parts or all its 498 stainless-steel struts in the skeletal structure with the help of its circulatory system of compressed air.
For this eight-meter-high sculpture, exhibited at the Science Gallery, performance artist Stelarc collaborated with Melbourne School of Design, LLDS Architecture, with PhD students at the School of Computer Science and Information Systems, Pelican Studios, Festo and Bollinger+Grohman.

‘Remnants of a Future Architecture’ is a series of architectural artefacts investigating new digital fabrication methods and their impact on future architecture.
Studio Roland Snooks developed Remnant 1 in collaboration with RMIT Architecture | Tectonic Formation Lab and FormX Technology using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) for the 3D printing process. The printing is executed by stacking layers of metal on top of each other with the help of a welding robot.

The design for new balcony structures of a Parisian residential building explores the concept of mapping results from a topological optimisation onto a lattice spaceframe structure. Inspired by Hector Guimard's ‘Art-Nouveau’ metro stations, the computational design combines principles from structural optimisation with an organic design language that expresses the flow of forces.
The idea for the fabrication involves utilising metal 3D printing technologies to create a 1:1 construction of the design.
Image: Bona-Lemercier Architectes

Leidorf GmbH has recently finished assembling the primary structural elements of the Spähikel research pavilion.
The mobile structure can be encountered in different locations within the forests of Upper Austria soon.
Photo: mostlikely architecture

The book chapter ‘Fluid Structures – Formed by Force’ co-authored by Adam Orlinski & Moritz Heimrath, was recently published as part of the new book: ‘Fluid Bodies – Methods for Casting New Esthetics’.
The book features contributions by:
Paul Clousier, Luca Conte, Anton Defant, Marco Dessi, Studio Stefan Diez, Anna Heimrath, Moritz Heimrath, Cathrine Hu, Mato Johannik, Ursula Klein, August Kocherscheidt, Christine König, Quirin Krumbholz, Studio Greg Lynn, Adam Orlinski, Bence Pap, Giulio Polita, Studio Klaas de Rycke, Michael Tingen, and Rupert Zallmann
‘Fluid Bodies – Methods for Casting New Esthetics’
Rupert Zallmann, Editor and the Institute of Architecture at the University of Applied Arts Vienna (Eds.)
Edition Angewandte, Birkhäuser Basel, 2022
ISBN: 9783035625868

The recently developed 'Karamba3D Template' establishes a connection between 3D geometry sourced from Rhinoceros3D layers and spreadsheet data that is organized in Excel.
This allows to organise all the model data with a powerful data structure and to interact with all input parameters in a simplified and controlled way.
The template provides assistance with load combinations by automatically assigning information to different parts of the model. Furthermore, it facilitates geometry management and carries out various modeling operations and checks to ensure that the model geometry is properly prepared for calculation.
The Karamba3D template allows users to build Karamba3D models with high model complexities, while simplifying the interface and optimising the workflow and .
The 'Karamba3D Template' was developed by our 'Design Technology' group.

The final result of the art-based research project ‘Fluid Bodies’ will be exhibited at the Wotruba-Atelier.
Vernisage, 1 June 2021, 6 p.m
Rustenschacher Allee 2–4, 1020 Vienna, Austria
FWF Research Program, University of Applied Arts Vienna
with Madame Architects and Bollinger+Grohmann

The robotic fabrication process for the new mobile pavilion of the Austrian Federal Forests Association has started.
The small project is a movable forest observatory that hosts multiple guests.
The structure consists of Kerto LVL Q-panels that were CNC-cut by a robotic arm. The cutting pattern was generated with the help of a topology optimisation routine that responds to a series of loads while respecting a specific architectural design domain, which was developed within the art-based research project ‘Fluid Bodies - Casting Without Formwork’.
Video: Leidorf

Spähikel is a research project that explores the application of 'Topology Optimisation' in creating efficient, lightweight structures within predefined poly-surface design domains. This involves utilising input geometry, support areas, and various load sets to iteratively converge on a condensed structural shape.
Through an iterative calculation process, an algorithm cuts material and incrementally refines the design, uncovering patterns demonstrating enhanced structural performance while substantially reducing material usage.

We are joining the art-based research project ‘Fluid Bodies - Casting Without Formwork’ at the University of Applied Arts Vienna.
The research project challenges conventional formwork ideas and assumptions about bringing materials into form.
The project’s objective is to explore hidden potentials in the relationship between form, fabrication methods, and material behaviour ‒ and to test existing assumptions through cross-disciplinary efforts that merge architecture, sculpture, structural design, emerging fabrication technologies, and fashion design.
The expected result is a series of large-scale prototypic objects produced by various methods enriched from different disciplines.
The research is funded by the Austrian Science Fund FWF, and its ‘PEEK’ program.

For the Triennial EXTRA in 2018, the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne commissioned a large-scale, interactive installation designed by Studio Roland Snooks in collaboration with sound artist Philip Samartzis and Bollinger+Grohmann.
‘Floe’ is a speculative architectural sound installation tower made from seventy unique overlapping semitranslucent 3D-printed polymer panels resembling an iceberg in Antarctica.
The panels are attached to a filigree steel lattice with CNC-cut steel blades, machine folded to the exact angle and shape. The structural system of the steel lattice was optimised regarding the force flow within the structure, with steel thicknesses varying from 3 to 8 mm. Overlapping elements are connected via steel bolts to assemble bigger cross-sections.

E-slab is a new type of concrete slab we have been advisors on and developed along with Snøhetta.
The E-slab system incorporates ventilation, electricity, and sprinklers within the slab without needing a ceiling below the slab. This solution will save approximately 400–500 mm of ceiling height on each floor compared to a traditional hollow core slab i.e.
In addition, the prefabrication process allows for a quick construction phase on site and facilitates design for disassembly.
The slab system is currently being incorporated into several ongoing projects.

PhD Dissertation of Philipp Eisenbach is about lightweight structures, and material-optimised systems are relevant in the building industry, particularly in the design of concrete structures.
This is not only for aesthetic reasons but also to use materials in a resource-conserving way. As one measure to reduce cross-section dimensions, increasing strength characteristics postulates the prefabrication of cementitious materials under laboratory conditions.
This thesis examines the contradiction between the possibility of realising slender concrete elements and the complexity of the discontinued homogeneity arising from necessary segmentations. Proposals of implementation strategies are demonstrated and verified based on selected case studies.
Philipp Eisenbach; ‘Processing of Slender Concrete Shells - Fabrication and Installation’; Kassel University Press,
ISBN: 978-3-7376-0258-7

In 2014, a student project was initiated at the University of Kassel to design and construct a slender concrete shell within 14 weeks. Under the guidance of architects and structural engineers, 27 students from the School of Architecture developed proposals for a shell structure to be prominently located on campus.
The project received sponsorship from DUCON®, providing the necessary high-performance concrete and mesh reinforcement. Following a competition phase, a concept for a Möbius strip-shaped concrete bench was selected as the winning design, and subsequent optimisation and construction phases were carried out.

Studio Roland Snooks was commissioned to develop the design for ‘The Future is Here’, a travelling exhibition organised by the Design Museum in London, with Melbourne as the first destination overseas. The design comprises two big tables and one small table with a cantilever fabricated from 3 mm glass fibre composite elements.
The project aimed to combine surface, structure, and ornament into intricate and irreducible assemblages. Glass fibre-composite material has the advantage of incorporating different materials to manipulate the structural behaviour of the final composite. Here the inlays or ‘beams’ of the composite are based on high-density foam placed according to an agent-based algorithm, defining the location and shape of the pattern.
Karamba3D was utilised to quickly exchange the different geometries and return structural information to the agents. The ’beams’ depth and width follow the logic of bending moments within the surface, which in turn gains its strength from the strategic placement of the beams and their dimensions accordingly. This strategy enables the surface to remain 3 mm thick while spanning and cantilevering considerable distances.
The project’s complexity was made possible by developing robotic fabrication techniques, including the extrusion of the fine-scale surface articulation.

‘Parapluie’, made of UHPC by Activating Membrane Effects, is an architectural concrete shell structure for a bus stop shelter designed for serial production through the reuse of the formwork. It is made of ultra-high-performance concrete, reinforced with a stapled micro mat reinforcement distributed over the whole cross-section with zero distance to the outer surfaces.
That material composition leads to a highly ductile behaviour substantiated by the biaxial homogenous cross-section layout that allows a linear elastic structural analysis.
The aim was to achieve a concrete shell that was as slender and lightweight as possible. A parametric form-finding process developed a system that can transfer shell loads primarily by membrane effects. The result is a concrete shell with no steel-embedded items and an edge thickness of less than 25 mm.

For the Sound Bites City exhibition at the RMIT Gallery, Jon Cherry and Nicholas Williams developed ‘The Torus’, a toroidal shape timber grid shell structure with a 21-channel loudspeaker system. Karamba3D was utilised as a design tool in the early design process, enabling a good workflow between the architects’ design platform and the engineers’ structural analysis tools.

Octopus is a multi-objective, evolutionary solver available for Rhino’s Grasshoppher3D.
Robert Vierlinger developed the plug-in in close cooperation with Bollinger+Grohmann, and it is being used in our offices daily.
The genetic algorithm allows one to search for multiple goals at once and produces a range of optimised trade-off solutions between the extremes of each goal. It works similarly to David Rutten’s Galapagos but introduces the Pareto principle for evaluating multiple objectives within one optimisation process.

Klaus Bollinger, Clemens Preisinger, and Arne Hofmann were awarded the Austria ‘Baupreis’ in the category of Research and Development for the research project ‘Algorithmic Generation of Complex Space Frames’.

Karamba3D is a parametric structural engineering tool that accurately analyses spatial trusses, frames, and shells. The tool is fully embedded in the parametric design environment of Grasshopper3D, a plug-in for the 3D modelling tool Rhinoceros.
Clemens Preisinger is developing Karamba3D in close cooperation with Bollinger+Grohmann in Vienna.

‘Brücke Reeden’ is a competition entry for a bridge design that utilised GENTs (Generic Exploration + Navigation Tool for Structural Design).
The bridge’s supporting structure takes the form of an irregular truss structure, which is generated through an optimisation algorithm to suit the unique requirements of the situation. The approach towards the structural design involves an agent system, where each truss element follows specific behavioural rules during the generation process. The behaviour of each element is influenced by the forces acting upon it and the deformation of the overall model.
The outcome is an irregular and effective structure, aligning perfectly with the architects’ vision.
Architects: FLOSUNDK (architektur+urbanistik)

The competition entry for 'Infobox' - an elevated overlook and info point for the Vienna Central Station construction site - was one of our early projects that employed an algorithmic approach to generate and optimise the column arrangement supporting the elevated building structure.
Although the box itself features a regular structural grid, the columns were designed to adapt to the irregular and disordered ground conditions and limited areas available for foundations.
Architect: Michael Wallraff

‘Algorithmic Generation of Complex Space Frames’ is a research project conducted at the University of Applied Arts at the Institut for Structural Design.
This research investigates the algorithmic generation of complex space frames and their relevance in structural engineering and architectural design. Contemporary structural design prioritises regularity and effectiveness, but there is a growing interest and demand for irregular and free-form designs. Existing design methods must be improved in developing optimised irregular structures, creating a gap between architectural requirements and available tools. Complex, non-regular structures have inherent load-bearing capacities, requiring a holistic approach. Modern technology enables efficient analysis of alternative solutions, generating systems with emergent load-bearing capabilities. The research explores innovative approaches for developing effective irregular forms while integrating practical construction principles.